social economic state
bodies want to be like them and dress like them
diet
fat
lindsay lohan
paris hilton
love and rockets - so alive
childhood.org/au
1000 kids between ages of 10 - 17 kids feel
76 felt they were growing up too fast
and felt the outside world concepts affect some of their adult concepts they're exposed to.
49% worry about adult issues like cancer
39% worry about terrorism
31% worry about crimes
hard pace of society
television
50% of kids worry the world will end in their lifetime
- global warming
- biblical predications
- terrorism
-----
160 students ages 10-12
55.8 worry about terrorism
45 think internet is the best invention
17 computers
17 light bulb
psp
solar panels
wheel and axel
defibrillator
87 knew about 911 attacks
50.7 think sex should be taught in schools
want to learn about sex before it's too late
do you feel pressure to wear at school to dress or act older than your years?
samantha age 9: "yes, because i see people wearing high skirts, and boys are dressing sloppy".
alea age 12: "well a lot of my friends wear clothes like from hollister and abercrombie so i feel that i have too wear those clothes too".
megan age 15: "a lot of young kids they want to act older, I know I did, I always thought I was older".
"What kind of clothes do you like to wear?"
PROVOCATIVE OUTFITS
"clothing companies makes it really challenging because they don't make clothes appropriate for their age group." michelle / parent
"are you influenced by music, tv shows, about how to dress and act?
yes, because they really get me into motion.
cheetah girls
dress good and loves their music.
cell phones = advanced stuff
TED.COM TALK NOTES:
Talks Gever Tulley: 5 dangerous things you should let your kids do
give kids choices
they will go along w/ the parents values
parental involvement is the key to raising kids on schedule.
power tools
child safety regulations
safety
warning signs
sharper than a golf ball
where does it stop?
eliminate sharp objects?
cut off kids from valuable opportunities
kids jumping off bunk beds and learn on their own about safety
- give them fire / learn principals: intake, combustion, exhaust, things to have a good controlled fire.
"they are going to learn things that you can't get out of Dora the Explorer toys"
2. own a pocket knife
- first universal tool / spatula/ screw driver/ and a blade
empowering tool
cultures give knives in other cultures such as inuit children cutting blubber.
"kids can develop an extended sense of self through a tool at a young age"
3. Throw a spear
- our brains are wired to throw things
"exercising brain muscles and adds strength to the system stimulates the frontal and porital lobes, 3d understanding and structural problem solving, helps develop their visualization skills and their predictive ability. throwing is good combination for analytical and physical skills, good for whole body training"
target base practice - helps develop attention and concentration skills
4. deconstruct appliances
don't throw out appliance, take apart w/ your child, great practice for a sense they can understand the parts.
5. break the digital millennium copyright act
digital media
buy a song on itunes, write it to a cd, then rip cd through mp3 and play it on your computer. technically the riia can persecute you. laws can get broken by accident.
drive a car
"driving a car is an empowering act for a young child"
you can drive a car w/ your child
gives them a handle on teh world they don't have access too
it's legal
find a big lot and drive in open space
January 23, 2009
January 22, 2009
January 20, 2009
January 19, 2009
young girls wearing makeup
this is my niece who i took a picture of playing with her birthday gifts and makeup.
HELLO KITTY for Mac Cosmetics
it's collection packaging like this that hooks women into buying it.
photographs via: specktra.net
photographs via: specktra.net
cosmetics
Cosmetics
At the start of the 20th Century, it was thought improper for respectable women to wear make up. Cosmetics were often sold 'under the counter'. However, Selfridges changed this by becoming the first store to openly sell powder and rouge. Gradually, wearing make up became more acceptable.
During the Suffragette Movement of the 1910s, many women wore bright red lipstick as a symbol of their defiance. The influence of the film industry in the 1920s and the glamour of Hollywood actresses, created a new demand for a variety of cosmetic products.
In 1931, the "Daily Mail" reported that 1,500 lipsticks were being sold for every 1 purchased in 1921.
At the start of the 20th century, it was thought improper for respectable women to wear make-up. Cosmetics were often sold ‘under the counter’. However, Selfridges changed this by becoming the first store to openly sell powder and rouge. Gradually, it became more acceptable to wear make-up.
During the Suffragette Movement of the 1910s, many women wore bright-red lipstick as a symbol of their defiance. The influence of the film industry in the 1920s and the glamour of Hollywood actresses created a new demand for a variety of cosmetic products.
In 1931, the Daily Mail reported that 1,500 lipsticks were being sold for every one bought in 1921.
During the Second World War, cosmetics were not rationed, but they were extremely scarce. During these austere times, make-up fulfilled an important role in providing affordable morale boosters.
During the 1960s and 70s, there was a growing interest in the use of natural ingredients in cosmetic products. The Mary Quant cosmetics range was launched in 1966 and the ‘Special Recipe’ range reflected this new interest. Some of the organic ingredients used in the Quant cosmetics were honey, almond oil, parsley seed oil and herb extracts.
Towards the end of the 20th century, there was growing consumer unease concerning animal testing for beauty products. The Body Shop, founded in 1976, sourced for its cosmetic products only those ingredients that had been developed without involving animal testing.
Many cosmetics manufacturers have been based in London throughout the 20th century. Yardley, founded in the 18th century, is one of London’s oldest soap and perfumery firms. By the 1930s, it had glamorous retail premises in Bond Street and a large Art Deco-style factory in Stratford, east London. In the 1960s, the factory moved to Basildon in Essex, where it continued until its closure in 1999.
Established in London in 1834, Rimmel is one of the world’s oldest cosmetics brands. Eugene Rimmel was an expert perfumer and cosmetics visionary. The Parisian cosmetics company Coty (created in 1904) opened a subsidiary branch in London in 1922. Another London manufacturer was F S Cleavers and Sons Limited, of 32 and 33 Red Lion Street, Holborn. In 1970, the fashion label Biba launched its own range of cosmetics, available from all Dorothy Perkins stores as well as the Biba flagship store in Kensington.
http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/X20L/Themes/1384/1118/
At the start of the 20th Century, it was thought improper for respectable women to wear make up. Cosmetics were often sold 'under the counter'. However, Selfridges changed this by becoming the first store to openly sell powder and rouge. Gradually, wearing make up became more acceptable.
During the Suffragette Movement of the 1910s, many women wore bright red lipstick as a symbol of their defiance. The influence of the film industry in the 1920s and the glamour of Hollywood actresses, created a new demand for a variety of cosmetic products.
In 1931, the "Daily Mail" reported that 1,500 lipsticks were being sold for every 1 purchased in 1921.
At the start of the 20th century, it was thought improper for respectable women to wear make-up. Cosmetics were often sold ‘under the counter’. However, Selfridges changed this by becoming the first store to openly sell powder and rouge. Gradually, it became more acceptable to wear make-up.
During the Suffragette Movement of the 1910s, many women wore bright-red lipstick as a symbol of their defiance. The influence of the film industry in the 1920s and the glamour of Hollywood actresses created a new demand for a variety of cosmetic products.
In 1931, the Daily Mail reported that 1,500 lipsticks were being sold for every one bought in 1921.
During the Second World War, cosmetics were not rationed, but they were extremely scarce. During these austere times, make-up fulfilled an important role in providing affordable morale boosters.
During the 1960s and 70s, there was a growing interest in the use of natural ingredients in cosmetic products. The Mary Quant cosmetics range was launched in 1966 and the ‘Special Recipe’ range reflected this new interest. Some of the organic ingredients used in the Quant cosmetics were honey, almond oil, parsley seed oil and herb extracts.
Towards the end of the 20th century, there was growing consumer unease concerning animal testing for beauty products. The Body Shop, founded in 1976, sourced for its cosmetic products only those ingredients that had been developed without involving animal testing.
Many cosmetics manufacturers have been based in London throughout the 20th century. Yardley, founded in the 18th century, is one of London’s oldest soap and perfumery firms. By the 1930s, it had glamorous retail premises in Bond Street and a large Art Deco-style factory in Stratford, east London. In the 1960s, the factory moved to Basildon in Essex, where it continued until its closure in 1999.
Established in London in 1834, Rimmel is one of the world’s oldest cosmetics brands. Eugene Rimmel was an expert perfumer and cosmetics visionary. The Parisian cosmetics company Coty (created in 1904) opened a subsidiary branch in London in 1922. Another London manufacturer was F S Cleavers and Sons Limited, of 32 and 33 Red Lion Street, Holborn. In 1970, the fashion label Biba launched its own range of cosmetics, available from all Dorothy Perkins stores as well as the Biba flagship store in Kensington.
http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/X20L/Themes/1384/1118/
PLAINS ARTISTS
The Plains Indians used paints to adorn themselves, their clothing, their homes and their horses. Though their culture lacked a written languages, the pictures and symbols they drew were rich in meaning and told the stories of the people.
Many different colors of paint were used, originally made with the materials at hand — plants, clays, even duck dung. Reds were by far the most popular color, but early natives used brown, red, yellow, black, blue, green and white as well. With the availability of pigments from white traders, 19th century Indians used other colors as well.
A yellow paint was made from earth from the Yellowstone River, as well as from bull berries and pine tree moss. Blue was obtained from duck droppings found on the shores of lakes, or from blue-colored mud. White earth and clay were used to make white paint. Green was made from plants, copper ore or mud.
The pigments were placed over a fire to dry, then ground into a fine powder on mortars of stone or wood. They were then mixed with tallow. The colors, kept separate in small buckskin bags, were mixed with hot water when the artist was ready for them.
Indian artists painted with straight willow branches (which acted as rulers to draw straight lines) along with short, flat sticks that he or she used to trace a pattern onto a hide. Brushes were made from chewed cottonwood or willow sticks, or from buffalo bone. Each color had its own brush.
Many different colors of paint were used, originally made with the materials at hand — plants, clays, even duck dung. Reds were by far the most popular color, but early natives used brown, red, yellow, black, blue, green and white as well. With the availability of pigments from white traders, 19th century Indians used other colors as well.
A yellow paint was made from earth from the Yellowstone River, as well as from bull berries and pine tree moss. Blue was obtained from duck droppings found on the shores of lakes, or from blue-colored mud. White earth and clay were used to make white paint. Green was made from plants, copper ore or mud.
The pigments were placed over a fire to dry, then ground into a fine powder on mortars of stone or wood. They were then mixed with tallow. The colors, kept separate in small buckskin bags, were mixed with hot water when the artist was ready for them.
Indian artists painted with straight willow branches (which acted as rulers to draw straight lines) along with short, flat sticks that he or she used to trace a pattern onto a hide. Brushes were made from chewed cottonwood or willow sticks, or from buffalo bone. Each color had its own brush.
C. Clothing and Adornment
In their traditional clothing Native Americans differed from Europeans in that they placed less importance on completely covering the body.
The peoples of warm climates, in California and the Tropical Forest, for example, often did not bother with much clothing except at festivals; then they adorned themselves with flowers and paint, and often with intricate feather headdresses.
Could you imagine people mocking African Americans in black face at a game?” he said. 'Yet go to a game where there is a team with an Indian name and you will see fans with war paint on their faces. Is this not the equivalent to black face?' ”
—- Teaching Tolerance, May 9, 2001, Native American Mascots Big Issue in College Sports[86]
war paint
–noun
1. paint applied by American Indians to their faces and bodies before going to war.
2. Informal. makeup; cosmetics.
3. Informal. full dress; regalia.
Origin:
1820–30, Americanism
war paint
n.
1. Pigments applied to the face or body in preparation for battle, as in certain tribal societies.
2. Informal Cosmetics such as lipstick, rouge, or mascara.
war paint
noun
1. adornment consisting of paint applied to the face and body of certain Amerindians before a battle
2. full ceremonial regalia
3. cosmetics applied to the face to improve or change your appearance [syn: makeup]
In their traditional clothing Native Americans differed from Europeans in that they placed less importance on completely covering the body.
The peoples of warm climates, in California and the Tropical Forest, for example, often did not bother with much clothing except at festivals; then they adorned themselves with flowers and paint, and often with intricate feather headdresses.
Could you imagine people mocking African Americans in black face at a game?” he said. 'Yet go to a game where there is a team with an Indian name and you will see fans with war paint on their faces. Is this not the equivalent to black face?' ”
—- Teaching Tolerance, May 9, 2001, Native American Mascots Big Issue in College Sports[86]
war paint
–noun
1. paint applied by American Indians to their faces and bodies before going to war.
2. Informal. makeup; cosmetics.
3. Informal. full dress; regalia.
Origin:
1820–30, Americanism
war paint
n.
1. Pigments applied to the face or body in preparation for battle, as in certain tribal societies.
2. Informal Cosmetics such as lipstick, rouge, or mascara.
war paint
noun
1. adornment consisting of paint applied to the face and body of certain Amerindians before a battle
2. full ceremonial regalia
3. cosmetics applied to the face to improve or change your appearance [syn: makeup]
January 17, 2009
thesis proposal
THESIS PROPOSAL (yes i know it's lengthy)
Cosmetics have evolved from use in ceremony and theatre to a form of individual expression that is reinforced and shaped by corporate branding. From the dawn of it’s creation using pigments derived from berries and earth to a world manipulated through marketing and elaborate package design, “make-up” has become almost a form of modern art, mired in controversy and style.
To achieve the dramatic look of the Egyptian lifestyle, women used crushed carmine beetles, and for eyeliner they used kohl that was a dark-colored powder made of crushed antimony, burnt almonds, lead, oxidized copper, ochre, and ash. Primitive African cultures used face paint in patterns of specific colors to indicate certain periods in a person’s life, such as puberty, courting, and marriage. Native Americans used two major ingredients for body paint: charcoal and ochre. Other ingredients, included bird droppings, plant leaves, and fruits were mixed with animal fat and hot water to make paint. Tree branches and animal bones were used as paintbrushes. During the Renaissance, women used Ceruse (white lead), as a Concealant. The Japanese geisha, entertainers to the Samurai, went to great lengths to achieve their outer beauty, going as far as to apply poisonous pigments to their faces. The mascara “Lash Lure” manufactured during the early 1900s resulted in blindness for many women.
Cosmetics have gone from having a cultural purpose to being almost completely a device of security. Beauty marketing will find as many ways to find a flaw in someone in order to come up with a product that will be a “band-aid” quick fix.
Due to a drastic change in my financial situation, I was forced to confront my own relationship with this topic. I realized the absurdity in my purchasing and that a lot of these items were exactly the same thing. I was being duped by the “limited edition” mentality. I fell headfirst into the idea that if I wore a color or was seen buying something elite that people would care and want to talk to me.
Living in the digital era we have the Internet, a popular websites such as YouTube.com where the user can create their own videos and have an audience to subscribe to their channel. There are women and girls who make tutorials of cosmetics application lessons, showing step-by-step details of how to create different looks. The youngest girl on YouTube who makes cosmetics related videos is only 11 years old and already has a huge collection of cosmetics and a large following. Another woman from England has been making cosmetic tutorials since the summer of 2007, has 150,342 subscribers, backed by the BBC and makes a six figures income every month for showing how to apply makeup. With this said, there are women who are now full blown cosmetic addicts who will do almost anything to obtain a piece of a particular limited edition item. They spend vast amounts of time reading cosmetic bulletin forums to keep up to date with the latest color trends by the cosmetic companies. All to often I have heard stories of my online friends going deeper into debt, or make sacrifices and choose cosmetics over food.
A lot of women dislike the idea of leaving their house without some form of product because they feel it gives them security about their self-image. Being prepared to hide natural occurrences in fear of what other people might think if they see a woman who “doesn’t have her face on”.
My goal is to communicate what the culture of cosmetics has become and how some women have become “full blown makeup addicts” from the pressure of other women. The audience that I want to focus on is preteen girls because cosmetics are being marketed towards younger girls through all types of entertainment mediums having an effect on their body image and self esteem.
AUDIENCE
Primary Audience
Pre-teen & Teenage Girls
Secondary Audience
Women (21+)
OBJECTIVE
To establish a connection between a drug addiction and cosmetic addiction.
CRITERIA
Awareness of the problem
Vivid and engaging
Race and gender neutral
EDUCATIONAL GOALS
As I complete my final semester at Emily Carr
University of Art + Design I would like to improve on my typography and Adobe Indesign skills.
RESEARCH
Blauer, Ettagale. “Body Decorations of African Cultures”. January 12, 2009.
Dubin, Lois Sherr. “Body Decorations of Native American Cultures”. January 12, 2009.
“Today Show: ‘Mass Media Marketing Sex and Beauty to Little Girls’”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009..
Panacea81: ‘Make Up Lessons, Tutorials & How To’s”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009..
Specktra.net: “The definitive independent MAC Cosmetics authority!”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009..
Wikipedia.org: “Cosmetics”. Wikipedia.org. January 12, 2009..
Cosmetics have evolved from use in ceremony and theatre to a form of individual expression that is reinforced and shaped by corporate branding. From the dawn of it’s creation using pigments derived from berries and earth to a world manipulated through marketing and elaborate package design, “make-up” has become almost a form of modern art, mired in controversy and style.
To achieve the dramatic look of the Egyptian lifestyle, women used crushed carmine beetles, and for eyeliner they used kohl that was a dark-colored powder made of crushed antimony, burnt almonds, lead, oxidized copper, ochre, and ash. Primitive African cultures used face paint in patterns of specific colors to indicate certain periods in a person’s life, such as puberty, courting, and marriage. Native Americans used two major ingredients for body paint: charcoal and ochre. Other ingredients, included bird droppings, plant leaves, and fruits were mixed with animal fat and hot water to make paint. Tree branches and animal bones were used as paintbrushes. During the Renaissance, women used Ceruse (white lead), as a Concealant. The Japanese geisha, entertainers to the Samurai, went to great lengths to achieve their outer beauty, going as far as to apply poisonous pigments to their faces. The mascara “Lash Lure” manufactured during the early 1900s resulted in blindness for many women.
Cosmetics have gone from having a cultural purpose to being almost completely a device of security. Beauty marketing will find as many ways to find a flaw in someone in order to come up with a product that will be a “band-aid” quick fix.
Due to a drastic change in my financial situation, I was forced to confront my own relationship with this topic. I realized the absurdity in my purchasing and that a lot of these items were exactly the same thing. I was being duped by the “limited edition” mentality. I fell headfirst into the idea that if I wore a color or was seen buying something elite that people would care and want to talk to me.
Living in the digital era we have the Internet, a popular websites such as YouTube.com where the user can create their own videos and have an audience to subscribe to their channel. There are women and girls who make tutorials of cosmetics application lessons, showing step-by-step details of how to create different looks. The youngest girl on YouTube who makes cosmetics related videos is only 11 years old and already has a huge collection of cosmetics and a large following. Another woman from England has been making cosmetic tutorials since the summer of 2007, has 150,342 subscribers, backed by the BBC and makes a six figures income every month for showing how to apply makeup. With this said, there are women who are now full blown cosmetic addicts who will do almost anything to obtain a piece of a particular limited edition item. They spend vast amounts of time reading cosmetic bulletin forums to keep up to date with the latest color trends by the cosmetic companies. All to often I have heard stories of my online friends going deeper into debt, or make sacrifices and choose cosmetics over food.
A lot of women dislike the idea of leaving their house without some form of product because they feel it gives them security about their self-image. Being prepared to hide natural occurrences in fear of what other people might think if they see a woman who “doesn’t have her face on”.
My goal is to communicate what the culture of cosmetics has become and how some women have become “full blown makeup addicts” from the pressure of other women. The audience that I want to focus on is preteen girls because cosmetics are being marketed towards younger girls through all types of entertainment mediums having an effect on their body image and self esteem.
AUDIENCE
Primary Audience
Pre-teen & Teenage Girls
Secondary Audience
Women (21+)
OBJECTIVE
To establish a connection between a drug addiction and cosmetic addiction.
CRITERIA
Awareness of the problem
Vivid and engaging
Race and gender neutral
EDUCATIONAL GOALS
As I complete my final semester at Emily Carr
University of Art + Design I would like to improve on my typography and Adobe Indesign skills.
RESEARCH
Blauer, Ettagale. “Body Decorations of African Cultures”. January 12, 2009
Dubin, Lois Sherr. “Body Decorations of Native American Cultures”. January 12, 2009
“Today Show: ‘Mass Media Marketing Sex and Beauty to Little Girls’”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009.
Panacea81: ‘Make Up Lessons, Tutorials & How To’s”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009.
Specktra.net: “The definitive independent MAC Cosmetics authority!”. YouTube.com. January 12, 2009.
Wikipedia.org: “Cosmetics”. Wikipedia.org. January 12, 2009.
January 16, 2009
The Body Shop Anti-Barbie Doll Ad Gets Bannedl
For those who missed it, Barbies manufacturer Mattel sent The Body Shop a cease and desist order after posters featuring Ruby - a self proclaimed Anti-Barbie spokesperson started appearing in American shop windows. This banned advertisement was also forbidden to be hung up in the Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway. The complaints included her “nude and nippless figure” being exposed to the public which offended people in the US and China.
from http://www.piercemattie.com/beautydivision/2006/10/the_body_shop_antibarbie_doll.html
the body shop from wikipedia
History
In 1970, Anita Roddick and her husband, Gordon Roddick, visited the San Francisco Bay Area, and encountered a store on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley selling shampoos, lotions and body creams. Inspired by this store, and by the need to raise money to raise their kids, Anita and Gordon created "The Body Shop" in Brighton, England."The Body Shop", publicized environmental concerns, and offered customers discounts for bringing in their own bottles instead of using new ones from the store.[3][4]
On 27 March 1976, the first The Body Shop opened at 22 Kensington Gardens, Brighton,[5].
There are many stories about the start of the company including how it opened next to an undertaker, who complained to the local council about the name of the store. The local bookmaker nearby took bets on how long it would be before The Body Shop closed. In response to this opposition, Roddick wrote a letter to the council stating that she was a housewife with children trying to make a living. The original logo and product labels were designed by an art student, Jeff Harris, who was paid £20.
The Body Shop has always had many controversies surrounding it, including several related to marketing campaigns the company has run such as the Ruby campaign[citation needed]. The company created a doll in the likeness of Barbie but with a lifelike voluptuous figure and luxuriant red hair, that came with the tag line, "There are 3 billion women who don't look like supermodels and only 8 who do"[6] Mattel later sued the company for copyright infringement[7] The company stopped the campaign but by that time the word had got out and Roddick had made her point. The company operated that way for most of its first 20 years. Roddick was the controversial figurehead[citation needed] that would always stir up some trouble somewhere in the world[citation needed] because of something she said, including the time she spoke out against the Iraq war. The company and Roddick received harsh criticism. [8]
The Body Shop experienced rapid growth, expanding at a rate of 50 percent annually. Its stock was floated on London's Unlisted Securities Market in April 1984, opening at 95p. In January 1986, when it obtained a full listing on the London Stock Exchange, the stock was selling at 820p. By 1991 the company's market value stood at £350 million ($591 million).[citation needed]
There were other achievements as well including being instrumental in banning animal testing for cosmetic purposes in the UK.[citation needed]
In 1996 The Body Shop launched another shopping channel. 'The Body Shop at Home.' Over 2000 Consultants work within the at home Service in the United Kingdom. Customers can book a Consultant at no charge to visit their home and demonstrate a range of Body Shop products.
In March 2006, The Body Shop agreed to a £652.3 million takeover by L'Oréal. It was reported[9] that Anita and Gordon Roddick, who set up The Body Shop 30 years ago, would make £130 million from the sale.
There was a huge controversy surrounding claims that L'Oréal continues to test on animals, which contradicts The Body Shop's core value of Against Animal Testing. L'Oréal states the company has not tested on animals since 1989. There were many boycotts around the globe from customers and other retailers, especially in the United Kingdom where the company has its headquarters. Roddick had to go on the news and face harsh criticism from the public. She addressed it directly in an interview with The Guardian[10], which reported that "she sees herself as a kind of "trojan horse" who by selling her business to a huge firm will be able to influence the decisions it makes. Suppliers who had formerly worked with the Body Shop will in future have contracts with L'Oréal, and working with the company 25 days a year Roddick will be able to have an input into decisions."
[edit] Social activism
From early on, The Body Shop reflected the activism of its founder through posters on shop windows and sponsorship of local charity and community events. Roddick criticized what she considered the environmental insensitivity of the industry and traditional views of beauty, and aimed to change standard corporate practices[11] Roddick said: "For me, campaigning and good business is also about putting forward solutions, not just opposing destructive practices or human rights abuses".[5]
In 1986, The Body Shop formed an alliance with Greenpeace, campaigning to "Save the Whales", despite some concerns among franchisees that the head office was becoming too political. By 1990 Roddick had switched allegiances to Friends of the Earth, following disagreements with Greenpeace.
The Body Shop also promotes values such as Community Trade, reflecting its avowed practice of trading with communities in need and giving them a fair price for natural ingredients or handcrafts they purchase from these often marginalized countries. The first CT activity in 1986 was a footsie roller which was supplied by a small community in Southern India (today known as Teddy Exports) and still a key CT supplier[12]. Since then, The Body Shop has found many trade partners in over 24 different countries that often are overlooked by the local as well as the global society. Criticisms have been made of the programme, however, by fair trade activists. "The company's prominently displayed claims to pay fairer prices to the Third World poor covered less than a fraction of 1 per cent of its turnover", wrote Paul Vallely, the former chair of Traidcraft, in the obituary of Anita Roddick published in The Independent on 12 September 2007.
[edit] The Body Shop Foundation
The Body Shop Foundation supports innovative global projects working in the areas of human and civil rights and environmental and animal protection. It is The Body Shop International Plc's charitable trust funded by annual donations from the company and through various fundraising initiatives.[13]
The Body Shop Foundation was formed in 1990 to consolidate all the charitable donations made by the company. To date, The Body Shop Foundation has donated over £9.5 million sterling in grants. The Foundation regularly gives gift-in-kind support to various projects and organisations such as Children On The Edge (COTE).[14]
[edit] Policy on animal testing
Signage posted in Body Shop location reads, "Our products are not tested on animals, never have been and never will be." However, the Body Shop website expands this to acknowledge that "the fact is that almost all cosmetics ingredients have been animal tested by somebody at some time for someone. So no cosmetics company can claim that its ingredients have never been animal tested."[15] The same page asserts that The Body Shop "also supports the development of alternatives to animal testing."
[edit] Community Trade (formerly Trade not Aid)
By 1991, The Body Shop's "Trade Not Aid" initiative with the objective of "creating trade to help people in the Third World utilise their resources to meet their own needs" had started a paper factory in Nepal employing 37 people producing bags, notebooks and scented drawer liners. Another initiative was a 33,000 square foot (3,000 square metre) soap factory in the depressed Glasgow suburb of Easterhouse, whose payroll included 100 residents, some previously chronically unemployed.
Sometimes considered anti-capitalist or against globalization, The Body Shop philosophy is in fact in favour of international marketplaces. The chain uses its influence and profits for programmes such as Trade Not Aid, aimed at enacting fair labour practices, safe working environments and pay equality.
The Body Shop has decided to not export its products to China, because cosmetics sold there have to be tested on animals, according to Roddick. They also used this event for publicity [16]
The Body Shop has undertaken periodic independent social audits of its activities [17].
[edit] Products
The Body Shop carries a wide range of products for the body, face, hair and home. As of June 2007, The Body Shop became 100% vegetarian, although some products still include ingredients such as beeswax, preventing the company from becoming fully vegan.
65% of the company's products will contain community traded ingredients by the end of 2008 and the company spent over $12 million on Community Traded ingredients in 2006.
The company also pledge that by 2010, 80% of all it's products will be artificial preservative free, as the company are researching many ways to use natural preservative, using tea-tree oil for example, one of nature's natural anti-bacterials.[18]
As of 2008, the new slogan for The Body Shop will be "Nature's way to Beautiful".
In 1970, Anita Roddick and her husband, Gordon Roddick, visited the San Francisco Bay Area, and encountered a store on Telegraph Avenue in Berkeley selling shampoos, lotions and body creams. Inspired by this store, and by the need to raise money to raise their kids, Anita and Gordon created "The Body Shop" in Brighton, England."The Body Shop", publicized environmental concerns, and offered customers discounts for bringing in their own bottles instead of using new ones from the store.[3][4]
On 27 March 1976, the first The Body Shop opened at 22 Kensington Gardens, Brighton,[5].
There are many stories about the start of the company including how it opened next to an undertaker, who complained to the local council about the name of the store. The local bookmaker nearby took bets on how long it would be before The Body Shop closed. In response to this opposition, Roddick wrote a letter to the council stating that she was a housewife with children trying to make a living. The original logo and product labels were designed by an art student, Jeff Harris, who was paid £20.
The Body Shop has always had many controversies surrounding it, including several related to marketing campaigns the company has run such as the Ruby campaign[citation needed]. The company created a doll in the likeness of Barbie but with a lifelike voluptuous figure and luxuriant red hair, that came with the tag line, "There are 3 billion women who don't look like supermodels and only 8 who do"[6] Mattel later sued the company for copyright infringement[7] The company stopped the campaign but by that time the word had got out and Roddick had made her point. The company operated that way for most of its first 20 years. Roddick was the controversial figurehead[citation needed] that would always stir up some trouble somewhere in the world[citation needed] because of something she said, including the time she spoke out against the Iraq war. The company and Roddick received harsh criticism. [8]
The Body Shop experienced rapid growth, expanding at a rate of 50 percent annually. Its stock was floated on London's Unlisted Securities Market in April 1984, opening at 95p. In January 1986, when it obtained a full listing on the London Stock Exchange, the stock was selling at 820p. By 1991 the company's market value stood at £350 million ($591 million).[citation needed]
There were other achievements as well including being instrumental in banning animal testing for cosmetic purposes in the UK.[citation needed]
In 1996 The Body Shop launched another shopping channel. 'The Body Shop at Home.' Over 2000 Consultants work within the at home Service in the United Kingdom. Customers can book a Consultant at no charge to visit their home and demonstrate a range of Body Shop products.
In March 2006, The Body Shop agreed to a £652.3 million takeover by L'Oréal. It was reported[9] that Anita and Gordon Roddick, who set up The Body Shop 30 years ago, would make £130 million from the sale.
There was a huge controversy surrounding claims that L'Oréal continues to test on animals, which contradicts The Body Shop's core value of Against Animal Testing. L'Oréal states the company has not tested on animals since 1989. There were many boycotts around the globe from customers and other retailers, especially in the United Kingdom where the company has its headquarters. Roddick had to go on the news and face harsh criticism from the public. She addressed it directly in an interview with The Guardian[10], which reported that "she sees herself as a kind of "trojan horse" who by selling her business to a huge firm will be able to influence the decisions it makes. Suppliers who had formerly worked with the Body Shop will in future have contracts with L'Oréal, and working with the company 25 days a year Roddick will be able to have an input into decisions."
[edit] Social activism
From early on, The Body Shop reflected the activism of its founder through posters on shop windows and sponsorship of local charity and community events. Roddick criticized what she considered the environmental insensitivity of the industry and traditional views of beauty, and aimed to change standard corporate practices[11] Roddick said: "For me, campaigning and good business is also about putting forward solutions, not just opposing destructive practices or human rights abuses".[5]
In 1986, The Body Shop formed an alliance with Greenpeace, campaigning to "Save the Whales", despite some concerns among franchisees that the head office was becoming too political. By 1990 Roddick had switched allegiances to Friends of the Earth, following disagreements with Greenpeace.
The Body Shop also promotes values such as Community Trade, reflecting its avowed practice of trading with communities in need and giving them a fair price for natural ingredients or handcrafts they purchase from these often marginalized countries. The first CT activity in 1986 was a footsie roller which was supplied by a small community in Southern India (today known as Teddy Exports) and still a key CT supplier[12]. Since then, The Body Shop has found many trade partners in over 24 different countries that often are overlooked by the local as well as the global society. Criticisms have been made of the programme, however, by fair trade activists. "The company's prominently displayed claims to pay fairer prices to the Third World poor covered less than a fraction of 1 per cent of its turnover", wrote Paul Vallely, the former chair of Traidcraft, in the obituary of Anita Roddick published in The Independent on 12 September 2007.
[edit] The Body Shop Foundation
The Body Shop Foundation supports innovative global projects working in the areas of human and civil rights and environmental and animal protection. It is The Body Shop International Plc's charitable trust funded by annual donations from the company and through various fundraising initiatives.[13]
The Body Shop Foundation was formed in 1990 to consolidate all the charitable donations made by the company. To date, The Body Shop Foundation has donated over £9.5 million sterling in grants. The Foundation regularly gives gift-in-kind support to various projects and organisations such as Children On The Edge (COTE).[14]
[edit] Policy on animal testing
Signage posted in Body Shop location reads, "Our products are not tested on animals, never have been and never will be." However, the Body Shop website expands this to acknowledge that "the fact is that almost all cosmetics ingredients have been animal tested by somebody at some time for someone. So no cosmetics company can claim that its ingredients have never been animal tested."[15] The same page asserts that The Body Shop "also supports the development of alternatives to animal testing."
[edit] Community Trade (formerly Trade not Aid)
By 1991, The Body Shop's "Trade Not Aid" initiative with the objective of "creating trade to help people in the Third World utilise their resources to meet their own needs" had started a paper factory in Nepal employing 37 people producing bags, notebooks and scented drawer liners. Another initiative was a 33,000 square foot (3,000 square metre) soap factory in the depressed Glasgow suburb of Easterhouse, whose payroll included 100 residents, some previously chronically unemployed.
Sometimes considered anti-capitalist or against globalization, The Body Shop philosophy is in fact in favour of international marketplaces. The chain uses its influence and profits for programmes such as Trade Not Aid, aimed at enacting fair labour practices, safe working environments and pay equality.
The Body Shop has decided to not export its products to China, because cosmetics sold there have to be tested on animals, according to Roddick. They also used this event for publicity [16]
The Body Shop has undertaken periodic independent social audits of its activities [17].
[edit] Products
The Body Shop carries a wide range of products for the body, face, hair and home. As of June 2007, The Body Shop became 100% vegetarian, although some products still include ingredients such as beeswax, preventing the company from becoming fully vegan.
65% of the company's products will contain community traded ingredients by the end of 2008 and the company spent over $12 million on Community Traded ingredients in 2006.
The company also pledge that by 2010, 80% of all it's products will be artificial preservative free, as the company are researching many ways to use natural preservative, using tea-tree oil for example, one of nature's natural anti-bacterials.[18]
As of 2008, the new slogan for The Body Shop will be "Nature's way to Beautiful".
max factor
History
In the 1920s and 1930s, the "golden years" of Hollywood, Max Factor became intimately associated with the world of movie make-up. He created the lip gloss for the movies in 1914, and coined the term "makeup," based on the verb, "to make up" (one's face).
Jean Harlow, Claudette Colbert, Bette Davis, Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, and virtually all of the major movie actresses were regular customers of the Max Factor beauty salon, located near Hollywood Boulevard. Max Factor's name appeared on many movie credits, and Factor himself appeared in some cameos. He created many looks to establish these actresses, such as Clara Bow's heart-shaped/pierrot lips. Years later, he exaggerated Joan Crawford's naturally full lips to distinguish her from the many would-be stars copying the Clara Bow look he created. He also created shades specifically for them: Platinum (for Jean Harlow), Special Medium (for Joan Crawford), and Dark (for Claudette Colbert).
Max Factor & Company was a two-family, multi-generational, international cosmetics company before its sale in 1973 for $500 million dollars. Many of Max Factor's celebrity clients appeared, at no cost, in beautiful full page, color magazine ads to promote Max Factor cosmetics, so the brand "Max Factor" soon became world-renowned.
Max Factor is credited with many cosmetic innovations. Some of his innovations were the first motion picture makeup in 1914, lip gloss in 1930, Pan-Cake Makeup, forerunner of all modern cake makeups in 1937, Pan-Stik Makeup in 1948, Erace, the original cover-up cosmetic in 1954, and the first "waterproof" makeup in 1971.
* 1914: Created the first makeup made specifically for motion pictures, a thinner greasepaint made in 12 shades. It was in cream form and packaged in jars, as opposed to the thicker stick greasepaints used for theatre.
* 1920: Developed the "Color Harmony" principles of makeup, which held that "certain combinations of a woman's complexion, hair and eye coloring were most effectively complemented by specific makeup shades."
* 1925: Introduces "Max Factor's Supreme Nail Polish," a metal pot of beige-colored powder that is sprinkled on the nails and buffed with a chamois buffer. It gives nails shine and some tint.
* 1927: Creates "Society Nail Tint," a small porcelain pot containing rose colored cream. Applied to the nail and buffed, it gives a natural rose color. "Society Nail White" also hits the market. It is a tube of chalky white liquid that is applied under nail tips and left to dry. The end result resembles the modern French manicure.
* 1928: Developed makeup, made specifically for use in black-and-white films. Max Sr. was awarded an Oscar for this innovation.
* 1930: Invented Lip Gloss
* 1932: Developed a line of "Television Makeup," specifically to meet the needs of television.
* 1934: Introduces Liquid Nail Enamel, forerunner of today's nail enamels.
* 1935: Opened the unique Max Factor Makeup Salon in Los Angeles.
* 1937: Created PanCake, forerunner of modern cake makeup, originally developed for color films.
* 1938: Max Factor died at age 59. Max Factor Jr. expands the family run business internationally.
* 1940: Created Tru Color Lipstick, the first smear-proof lipstick.
* 1948: Developed PanStik makeup.
* 1954: Created Erace, the original concealer, and developed a line of cosmetics specifically for color television's needs. (This line remains the standard for TV makeup.)
* 1971: Invented the first "waterproof" makeup.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the "golden years" of Hollywood, Max Factor became intimately associated with the world of movie make-up. He created the lip gloss for the movies in 1914, and coined the term "makeup," based on the verb, "to make up" (one's face).
Jean Harlow, Claudette Colbert, Bette Davis, Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, and virtually all of the major movie actresses were regular customers of the Max Factor beauty salon, located near Hollywood Boulevard. Max Factor's name appeared on many movie credits, and Factor himself appeared in some cameos. He created many looks to establish these actresses, such as Clara Bow's heart-shaped/pierrot lips. Years later, he exaggerated Joan Crawford's naturally full lips to distinguish her from the many would-be stars copying the Clara Bow look he created. He also created shades specifically for them: Platinum (for Jean Harlow), Special Medium (for Joan Crawford), and Dark (for Claudette Colbert).
Max Factor & Company was a two-family, multi-generational, international cosmetics company before its sale in 1973 for $500 million dollars. Many of Max Factor's celebrity clients appeared, at no cost, in beautiful full page, color magazine ads to promote Max Factor cosmetics, so the brand "Max Factor" soon became world-renowned.
Max Factor is credited with many cosmetic innovations. Some of his innovations were the first motion picture makeup in 1914, lip gloss in 1930, Pan-Cake Makeup, forerunner of all modern cake makeups in 1937, Pan-Stik Makeup in 1948, Erace, the original cover-up cosmetic in 1954, and the first "waterproof" makeup in 1971.
* 1914: Created the first makeup made specifically for motion pictures, a thinner greasepaint made in 12 shades. It was in cream form and packaged in jars, as opposed to the thicker stick greasepaints used for theatre.
* 1920: Developed the "Color Harmony" principles of makeup, which held that "certain combinations of a woman's complexion, hair and eye coloring were most effectively complemented by specific makeup shades."
* 1925: Introduces "Max Factor's Supreme Nail Polish," a metal pot of beige-colored powder that is sprinkled on the nails and buffed with a chamois buffer. It gives nails shine and some tint.
* 1927: Creates "Society Nail Tint," a small porcelain pot containing rose colored cream. Applied to the nail and buffed, it gives a natural rose color. "Society Nail White" also hits the market. It is a tube of chalky white liquid that is applied under nail tips and left to dry. The end result resembles the modern French manicure.
* 1928: Developed makeup, made specifically for use in black-and-white films. Max Sr. was awarded an Oscar for this innovation.
* 1930: Invented Lip Gloss
* 1932: Developed a line of "Television Makeup," specifically to meet the needs of television.
* 1934: Introduces Liquid Nail Enamel, forerunner of today's nail enamels.
* 1935: Opened the unique Max Factor Makeup Salon in Los Angeles.
* 1937: Created PanCake, forerunner of modern cake makeup, originally developed for color films.
* 1938: Max Factor died at age 59. Max Factor Jr. expands the family run business internationally.
* 1940: Created Tru Color Lipstick, the first smear-proof lipstick.
* 1948: Developed PanStik makeup.
* 1954: Created Erace, the original concealer, and developed a line of cosmetics specifically for color television's needs. (This line remains the standard for TV makeup.)
* 1971: Invented the first "waterproof" makeup.
Brief Timeline of Cosmetics
Brief Timeline of Cosmetics
1900: Black entrepreneur Annie Turnbo begins selling hair treatments, including non-damaging hair straighteners, hair growers, and hair conditioners door-to-door.
1904: Max Factor migrates from Lodz, Poland, to the United States, and four years later to Los Angeles, where he sells make-up to movie stars that does not cake or crack.
1909: French chemist Eugene Schueller develops the first safe commercial hair dye. In 1910, he names his company L'Oreal.
1905: Sarah McWilliams begins to sell a hair grower door-to-door. After she married Charles J. Walker, she became known as Madam C.J. Walker and incorporated her company in Indianapolis in 1911.
1909: Florence Graham and cosmetologist Elizabeth Hubbard open a salon on Fifth Avenue in New York, which Graham will rename Elizabeth Arden.
Edna Johnson and Theresa Thomas
near a table holding up
cosmetics and smiling
1914: T.J. Williams founds Maybelline, which specializes in mascara.
1915: Lipstick is introduced in cylindrical metal tubes.
1922: The bobby pin is invented to manage short (bobbed) hair.
1932: Charles and Joseph Revson, nail polish distributors, and CharlesLackman, a nail polish supplier, found Revlon, which sells nail polish in a wide variety of colors.
1932: Lawrence Gelb, a New York chemist, brings home from Paris a hair color product that penetrates the hair shaft, and starts a company called Clairol. He opens a company named after the product, Clairol. In 1950, he introduces Miss Clairol Hair Color Bath, a one-step hair coloring product.
1933: A new method for permanent waving, using chemicals, which doesn't require electricity or machines, is introduced.
1935: Pan-cake makeup, originally developed to look natural on color film, was created by Max Factor.
1941: Aerosols are patented, paving the way for hair spray.
1944: A Miami Beach pharmacist, Benjamin Green develops sunscreen to protect soldiers in the South Pacific.
1958: Mascara wands debut, eliminating the need for applying mascara with a brush.
1961: Cover Girl make-up, one of the first brands sold in grocery stores and targeted to teens, is introduced by Noxema.
1963: Revlon offers the first powdered blush-on.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/do_history/fashion/Cosmetics/cosmetics.html
1900: Black entrepreneur Annie Turnbo begins selling hair treatments, including non-damaging hair straighteners, hair growers, and hair conditioners door-to-door.
1904: Max Factor migrates from Lodz, Poland, to the United States, and four years later to Los Angeles, where he sells make-up to movie stars that does not cake or crack.
1909: French chemist Eugene Schueller develops the first safe commercial hair dye. In 1910, he names his company L'Oreal.
1905: Sarah McWilliams begins to sell a hair grower door-to-door. After she married Charles J. Walker, she became known as Madam C.J. Walker and incorporated her company in Indianapolis in 1911.
1909: Florence Graham and cosmetologist Elizabeth Hubbard open a salon on Fifth Avenue in New York, which Graham will rename Elizabeth Arden.
Edna Johnson and Theresa Thomas
near a table holding up
cosmetics and smiling
1914: T.J. Williams founds Maybelline, which specializes in mascara.
1915: Lipstick is introduced in cylindrical metal tubes.
1922: The bobby pin is invented to manage short (bobbed) hair.
1932: Charles and Joseph Revson, nail polish distributors, and CharlesLackman, a nail polish supplier, found Revlon, which sells nail polish in a wide variety of colors.
1932: Lawrence Gelb, a New York chemist, brings home from Paris a hair color product that penetrates the hair shaft, and starts a company called Clairol. He opens a company named after the product, Clairol. In 1950, he introduces Miss Clairol Hair Color Bath, a one-step hair coloring product.
1933: A new method for permanent waving, using chemicals, which doesn't require electricity or machines, is introduced.
1935: Pan-cake makeup, originally developed to look natural on color film, was created by Max Factor.
1941: Aerosols are patented, paving the way for hair spray.
1944: A Miami Beach pharmacist, Benjamin Green develops sunscreen to protect soldiers in the South Pacific.
1958: Mascara wands debut, eliminating the need for applying mascara with a brush.
1961: Cover Girl make-up, one of the first brands sold in grocery stores and targeted to teens, is introduced by Noxema.
1963: Revlon offers the first powdered blush-on.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/do_history/fashion/Cosmetics/cosmetics.html
The cosmetics industry becomes the foundation of fashion
The cosmetics industry becomes the foundation of fashion
Throughout the last few decades, women’s choices of cosmetics greatly increased. There were many companies selling many kinds of makeup. Cosmetics now included eye makeup, like mascara, eye shadow and eye liner; facial cleansing systems, including cleanser, toner and moisturizer; nail polish, every color and design you can think of; lotions, lipsticks, skincare products, powders – the list goes on and on. Perhaps that’s why cosmetics is a multi-billion dollar industry today.
There are so many players in the cosmetics game now, like Estee Lauder, Elizabeth Arden, Mac Cosmetics, Mary Kay Cosmetics, Avon, Clinique, L’Oreal, Bobbi Brown cosmetics, Victoria Jackson cosmetics – everybody’s getting into the picture with their own lines.
And the winner of this cosmetic game is you, the consumer. Whatever type of look you want, whether it’s to cover up, emphasize, illuminate, minimize, enhance or perfect – any look you want can be had with the help of today’s cosmetics.
Cosmetics are products that sell, even when there’s a recession. Women will always find the money for their makeup. And the men don’t mind. After all, they’re the ones who benefit from those good looks. They’re the ones who’ve appreciated the efforts that women have gone to throughout the years, to make themselves “presentable”.
So, men, look back and thank the ancient Egyptians for their sometimes “weird” formulas they used to enhance the beauty of their women. Many of their ideas have lived through the ages. And now you get to enjoy those ideas as they’ve culminated into the cosmetics of today. And all you can do is greet your special lady, with her perfectly-applied cosmetics, and say, “Wow!”
Throughout the last few decades, women’s choices of cosmetics greatly increased. There were many companies selling many kinds of makeup. Cosmetics now included eye makeup, like mascara, eye shadow and eye liner; facial cleansing systems, including cleanser, toner and moisturizer; nail polish, every color and design you can think of; lotions, lipsticks, skincare products, powders – the list goes on and on. Perhaps that’s why cosmetics is a multi-billion dollar industry today.
There are so many players in the cosmetics game now, like Estee Lauder, Elizabeth Arden, Mac Cosmetics, Mary Kay Cosmetics, Avon, Clinique, L’Oreal, Bobbi Brown cosmetics, Victoria Jackson cosmetics – everybody’s getting into the picture with their own lines.
And the winner of this cosmetic game is you, the consumer. Whatever type of look you want, whether it’s to cover up, emphasize, illuminate, minimize, enhance or perfect – any look you want can be had with the help of today’s cosmetics.
Cosmetics are products that sell, even when there’s a recession. Women will always find the money for their makeup. And the men don’t mind. After all, they’re the ones who benefit from those good looks. They’re the ones who’ve appreciated the efforts that women have gone to throughout the years, to make themselves “presentable”.
So, men, look back and thank the ancient Egyptians for their sometimes “weird” formulas they used to enhance the beauty of their women. Many of their ideas have lived through the ages. And now you get to enjoy those ideas as they’ve culminated into the cosmetics of today. And all you can do is greet your special lady, with her perfectly-applied cosmetics, and say, “Wow!”
January 11, 2009
January 10, 2009
Addiction
Addiction
From Wikipedia,
The term "addiction" is used in many contexts to describe an obsession, compulsion, or excessive physical dependence or psychological dependence, such as: drug addiction, crime, alcoholism, compulsive overeating, problem gambling, computer addiction, pornography, etc.
In medical terminology, an addiction is a state in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning and develops physical dependence, as in drug addiction. When the drug or substance on which someone is dependent is suddenly removed, it will cause withdrawal, a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. Addiction is generally associated with increased drug tolerance. In physiological terms, addiction is not necessarily associated with substance abuse since this form of addiction can result from using medication as prescribed by a doctor.
However, common usage of the term addiction has spread to include psychological dependence. In this context, the term is used in drug addiction and substance abuse problems, but also refers to behaviors that are not generally recognized by the medical community as problems of addiction, such as compulsive overeating.
The term addiction is also sometimes applied to compulsions that are not substance-related, such as problem gambling and computer addiction. In these kinds of common usages, the term addiction is used to describe a recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individual's health, mental state or social life.
From Wikipedia,
The term "addiction" is used in many contexts to describe an obsession, compulsion, or excessive physical dependence or psychological dependence, such as: drug addiction, crime, alcoholism, compulsive overeating, problem gambling, computer addiction, pornography, etc.
In medical terminology, an addiction is a state in which the body relies on a substance for normal functioning and develops physical dependence, as in drug addiction. When the drug or substance on which someone is dependent is suddenly removed, it will cause withdrawal, a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. Addiction is generally associated with increased drug tolerance. In physiological terms, addiction is not necessarily associated with substance abuse since this form of addiction can result from using medication as prescribed by a doctor.
However, common usage of the term addiction has spread to include psychological dependence. In this context, the term is used in drug addiction and substance abuse problems, but also refers to behaviors that are not generally recognized by the medical community as problems of addiction, such as compulsive overeating.
The term addiction is also sometimes applied to compulsions that are not substance-related, such as problem gambling and computer addiction. In these kinds of common usages, the term addiction is used to describe a recurring compulsion by an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences to the individual's health, mental state or social life.
major cosmetic brands
Almay • American Beauty • Artistry • Aveda • Avon • Bath & Body Works • Biotherm • Bobbi Brown • The Body Shop • Bonne Bell • Burt's Bees • Cargo • Carol's Daughter • Clarins • Clinique • CoverGirl • Elizabeth Arden • Estée Lauder • Fabergé • Hard Candy • Helena Rubinstein • Kevyn Aucoin • Kiehl's • Lancôme • Laneige • Laura Mercier • Lise Watier • L'Oréal • Love Cosmetics • MAC Cosmetics • Mary Kay • Max Factor • Maybelline • Nars • Natural Wonder • Neutrogena • Nivea • Oriflame • Origins • Revlon • Rimmel • Sephora • Shiseido • Shu Uemura • SK-II • Stila • Ulta • Urban Decay • Vichy • Victoria's Secret • Wella
lipstick / from wikipedia
History
Lipstick is known to have been invented in antiquity when semi-precious jewels were crushed and applied to the lips and occasionally around the eyes. Women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied lipstick to their lips for face decoration.[1] Ancient Egyptians extracted purplish-red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, which resulted in serious illness. Cleopatra had her lipstick made from crushed carmine beetles, which gave a deep red pigment, and ants for a base. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a substance found in fish scales called pearlescence.[2]
During the Islamic Golden Age the notable Arab Andalusian cosmetologist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) invented solid lipsticks, which were perfumed stocks rolled and pressed in special molds, and he described them in his Al-Tasrif.[3] Lipstick started to gain popularity in England the 16th century, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who made piercing red lips and bright white faces a fashion statement. By that time, lipstick was made from a blend of beeswax and red stains from plants.
During the Second World War, lipstick gained popularity as a result of its use in the movie industry, and it became commonplace for women to apply makeup, or "put their face on".
As with most other types of makeup, lipstick is typically, but not exclusively, worn by women. It is usually not worn until a female reaches adolescence or adulthood. Male lipstick, especially as used in theater, is sometimes called "manstick".
Lipstick used to make a symbolic kiss.
Another form of lip color, a wax-free semi-permanent liquid formula, was invented in the 1990s by the Lip-Ink International company. Other companies have imitated the idea, putting out their own versions of long-lasting "lip stain" or "liquid lip color".
A study by US consumer group Campaign For Safe Cosmetics, in October 2007 found 60 percent of lipsticks tested contained traceable amounts of lead.[4] The levels of lead varied from 0.03 to 0.65 parts per million. One third of the lipsticks containing lead exceeded the 0.1ppm limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for lead in candy.[5]
[edit] In popular culture
Lipstick has been used in some media to symbolize confidence, such as the film, Why I Wore Lipstick To My Mastectomy and the television show Lipstick Jungle.
[edit] Vernacular
* "Lippy" is a common British colloquialism for lipstick.[6]
* A general consensus amongst the gossipers in the day was the reason red lipstick became so popular was due to the development of colors that, when applied to the woman's facial lips, it created an illusion and a hint that resembled the sexual organs or sexual lips of a wanton woman anxious for sexual fulfilment. Typically when the color red was worn it reminded her lovers of her virility, it could have been used to attrack a new lover. This display of similarities of the woman's natural colored vulva and the natural pink/redness of the labia majoria and vulva of her genitalia was reflected on her facial lips via the application of lipstick. This display became a mainstay of the culture for centuries which followed, although the sexual comparisons were deemphasized in the early 1800s then briefly brought back in focus during the 1920s, in order to increase the products marketability.
* A "lipstick lesbian" is a gay or bisexual woman who exhibits feminine gender attributes. The alliterative term is thought to have come into common usage during the 1980s in order to distinguish between lesbians who adhere to more conventional gender roles and those who do not. In some contexts, it has pejorative connotations.
* The phrase "putting lipstick on a pig" is a colloquialism that means, "making the unattractive superficially attractive," with overtones of futility or of a lost cause. [7]
* The phrase "lipstick on his collar" is a euphemism used to describe a man who is cheating on his partner.
Lipstick is known to have been invented in antiquity when semi-precious jewels were crushed and applied to the lips and occasionally around the eyes. Women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied lipstick to their lips for face decoration.[1] Ancient Egyptians extracted purplish-red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, which resulted in serious illness. Cleopatra had her lipstick made from crushed carmine beetles, which gave a deep red pigment, and ants for a base. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a substance found in fish scales called pearlescence.[2]
During the Islamic Golden Age the notable Arab Andalusian cosmetologist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) invented solid lipsticks, which were perfumed stocks rolled and pressed in special molds, and he described them in his Al-Tasrif.[3] Lipstick started to gain popularity in England the 16th century, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, who made piercing red lips and bright white faces a fashion statement. By that time, lipstick was made from a blend of beeswax and red stains from plants.
During the Second World War, lipstick gained popularity as a result of its use in the movie industry, and it became commonplace for women to apply makeup, or "put their face on".
As with most other types of makeup, lipstick is typically, but not exclusively, worn by women. It is usually not worn until a female reaches adolescence or adulthood. Male lipstick, especially as used in theater, is sometimes called "manstick".
Lipstick used to make a symbolic kiss.
Another form of lip color, a wax-free semi-permanent liquid formula, was invented in the 1990s by the Lip-Ink International company. Other companies have imitated the idea, putting out their own versions of long-lasting "lip stain" or "liquid lip color".
A study by US consumer group Campaign For Safe Cosmetics, in October 2007 found 60 percent of lipsticks tested contained traceable amounts of lead.[4] The levels of lead varied from 0.03 to 0.65 parts per million. One third of the lipsticks containing lead exceeded the 0.1ppm limit set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for lead in candy.[5]
[edit] In popular culture
Lipstick has been used in some media to symbolize confidence, such as the film, Why I Wore Lipstick To My Mastectomy and the television show Lipstick Jungle.
[edit] Vernacular
* "Lippy" is a common British colloquialism for lipstick.[6]
* A general consensus amongst the gossipers in the day was the reason red lipstick became so popular was due to the development of colors that, when applied to the woman's facial lips, it created an illusion and a hint that resembled the sexual organs or sexual lips of a wanton woman anxious for sexual fulfilment. Typically when the color red was worn it reminded her lovers of her virility, it could have been used to attrack a new lover. This display of similarities of the woman's natural colored vulva and the natural pink/redness of the labia majoria and vulva of her genitalia was reflected on her facial lips via the application of lipstick. This display became a mainstay of the culture for centuries which followed, although the sexual comparisons were deemphasized in the early 1800s then briefly brought back in focus during the 1920s, in order to increase the products marketability.
* A "lipstick lesbian" is a gay or bisexual woman who exhibits feminine gender attributes. The alliterative term is thought to have come into common usage during the 1980s in order to distinguish between lesbians who adhere to more conventional gender roles and those who do not. In some contexts, it has pejorative connotations.
* The phrase "putting lipstick on a pig" is a colloquialism that means, "making the unattractive superficially attractive," with overtones of futility or of a lost cause. [7]
* The phrase "lipstick on his collar" is a euphemism used to describe a man who is cheating on his partner.
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